*See the key and descriptions below for explanations of the classifications listed.
Birds |
Mammals |
African crowned crane (II, LR-LC)
*African penguin (II)
American robin (LR-LC)
*Andean Condor (I, LR-NT)
*Bali mynah (I, CE)
Barred owl (II, LR-LC)
Bateleur eagle (II)
Black-bellied whistling duck (III, LR-LC)
Black-billed magpie (LR-LC)
**Blue and yellow macaw (II, LR-LC)
**Boat-billed heron (LR-LC)
Bobwhite (LR-LC)
Budgerigar (II, LR-LC)
**Buff crested bustard (II)
Cattle egret (III, LR-LC)
Cedar waxwing (LR-LC)
Cinereous vulture (II)
Common barn owl (II, LR-LC)
Common catbird (LR-LC)
Common crow (LR-LC)
Common screech owl (II)
Common shoveler (III, LR-LC)
**Crested screamer (LR-LC)
Eastern red-tailed hawk (II, LR-LC)
Eastern screech owl (LR-LC)
Emu (LR-LC)
*Eurasian Black Vulture (II, LR-NT)
**Eurasian eagle owl (II, LR-LC)
Florida sandhill crane (II, LR-LC)
Great horned owl (LR-LC)
Green aracari (II)
Grey parrot (II, LR-LC)
Harris’ hawk (II, LR-LC)
Hooded merganser (LR-LC)
Jackass penguin (II, V)
**Laughing kookaburra (LR-LC)
Little blue heron (LR-LC)
Marabou stork (III, LR-LC)
Military macaw (I, V)
Mourning dove (LR-LC)
North American bald eagle (I)
North American wood duck (LR-LC)
Northern cardinal (LR-LC)
Ostrich (I, LR-LC)
Ovenbird (LR-LC)
Peregrine falcon (I)
Raven (LR-LC)
**Red-crested turaco (II, LR-LC)
Redhead (LR-LC)
**Red-legged seriema (LR-LC)
Ringed teal (LR-LC)
**Roseate spoonbill (LR-LC)
Rose-breasted grosbeak (LR-LC)
Rufus-sided towhee (LR-LC)
Scarlet Macaw (I, LR-LC)
Scarlet tanager (LR-LC)
Song Sparrow (LR-LC)
***Southern Ground Hornbill
**Spectacled owl (II, LR-LC)
Superb starling (LR-LC)
Temminck's tragopan (LR-LC)
*Toco toucan (II, LR-LC)
Tufted titmouse (LR-LC)
White cockatoo (II, V)
White-bellied stork (LR-LC)
**White-crested laughing thrush (LR-LC)
White-faced whistling duck (III, LR-LC))
White-throated sparrow (LR-LC)
Yellow-billed cuckoo (LR-LC) |
*African elephant (I, E)
*African lion (II, V)
*African hunting/wild dog (E)
Bobcat (II)
*Cheetah (I, V)
*Chimpanzee (I, E)
Chinchilla (I)
**Common Waterbuck
*Fennec fox (II)
*Geoffroy’s/ White-fronted marmoset (II, V)
**Giraffe (LR-CD)
**Greater Kudu (LR-CD)
*Hamadryas baboon - out on loan (II, LR-NT)
**Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth (III)
*IndochineseTiger (I, E)
**Meerkat
Mexican porcupine (III)
North American black bear (II)
**North American river otter (II)
*Red panda (I, E)
*Red wolf (CE)
*Snow leopard (I, E)
*Southern white rhino (I, LR-CD)
*Stuhlmann’s blue monkey (II)
**Thomson's gazelle
*Western lowland gorilla (I, E)
*White handed lar gibbon (I, LR-NT) |
Reptiles |
**African pancake tortoise (II, V)
African spurred tortoise (II, V)
Aldabra tortoise (II, V)
Alligator snapping turtle (V)
Angolan python (II)
Annulated boa (II)
Aquatic box turtle (I, E)
*Aruba island rattlesnake (III, CE)
Blanding's turtle (LR-NT)
Boa constrictor (II)
Bog turtle (I, T)
Brazilian rainbow boa (II)
*Burmese star tortoise (II, CE)
*Chinese alligator (I, CE)
Common spider tortoise (II, V)
D'Albert's python (II)
Dumeril’s ground boa (I, V)
Dwarf caiman - out on loan (II)
Eastern box turtle (II, LR-NT)
**Egyptian tortoise (I, E)
**Flat-tail tortoise (II, E)
Florida box turtle (II, LR-NT)
Gila Monster (II, V)
Haitian giant galliwasp (LR-NT)
Kenya sand boa (II)
*Louisiana pine snake
Madagascar ground boa (I, V)
Madagascar tree boa (I, V)
**Mexican beaded lizard (II, V)
Northern spider tortoise (II)
Papuan water python (II)
**Prehensile-tailed skink (II)
*Radiated tortoise (I, V)
Reticulated gila monster (II)
Reunion chameleon (II)
Rough-scaled sand boa (II)
Royal/Ball python (II)
Seychelles giant day gecko (II)
**Southern spider tortoise (II)
Speckled cape tortoise (II, LR-NT)
Spiny hill turtle (V)
Spotted turtle (V)
**Standing’s day gecko (II, V)
Indian Star tortoise (II)
Taylor’s cantil (III)
Three-toed box turtle (II, LR-NT)
Timor python (II)
*Virgin Island boa (I, E)
Wood turtle (II, E)
Yacare caiman (II)
Yellow-blotched map turtle (E) |
Insects |
Common emperor scorpion (II)
Costa Rican tarantula (II)
Curlyhair tarantula (II)
**Mexican fireleg tarantula (II)
**Red-kneed tarantula (II) |
KEY
AZA: http://www.aza.org/Cands/
* = SSP – Species Survival Plan
** = PMP – Population management plan
***= both SSP and PMP
CITES: http://www.cites.org/
Appendix (I) = species threatened with extinction that may be affected by trade. CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when purpose of import is not commercial.
Appendix (II) = species that may become threatened or extinct if trade is not controlled. Also includes “look-alike species”, i.e. species of which the specimens in trade look like those listed for conservation reasons.
Appendix (III) = species regulated within a country’s jurisdiction to protect them from exploitation. They are listed at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and needs cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation.
IUCN: http://www.iucnredlist.org/
Threatened Categories:
Critically Endangered (CE) = Species is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future.
Endangered (E) = Species is facing very high risk of extinction in the wild
Vulnerable (V) = Species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
Threatened (T) = Species likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future. (a classification used by the US Fish and Wildlife Service)
Least Concern Categories:
Low Risk – Near Threatened (LR-NT) = Species is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the future.
Low Risk – Conservation Dependent (LR-CD) = Species requires conservation actions which may benefit the taxon though it does not qualify for a threatened category.
Low Risk – Least Concern (LR-LC) = Species is widespread and abundant |
AZA Species Survival Plans (SSP) and Population Management Plans (PMP)
As an accredited AZA institution, Knoxville Zoological Gardens is actively involved in the Species Survival Plans (SSPs) and Population Management Plans (PMPs) for several selected animals. These animals are part of a cooperative population management and conservation program involving many institutions and agencies. These animals are specifically managed in order to ensure healthy, self-sustaining populations that maintain maximum genetic diversity and are demographically stable.
The Species Survival Plan program began in 1981 as a cooperative population management and conservation program for selected species in zoos and aquariums in North America. Each SSP manages the breeding of a species in order to maintain a healthy and self-sustaining population that is both genetically diverse and demographically stable. Beyond this, SSPs participate in a variety of other cooperative conservation activities, such as research, public education, reintroduction and field projects.
Basic population management is necessary if zoos and aquariums are to maintain stable, self-sustaining populations for their display and conservation purposes. In 1994, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums's (AZA's) Wildlife Conservation and Management Committee (WCMC) created Population Management Plans (PMPs) to provide basic population management for various captive populations. PMPs are established for studbook populations that do not require the intensive management and conservation action of Species Survival Plans (SSPs). http://www.aza.org/Cands/
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES)
The CITES convention is a comprehensive wildlife treaty agreed upon in 1973. Including the United States, there are currently 172 parties. Participating countries (Parties) have voluntarily agreed to be bound by the convention. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
CITES regulates and in many cases prohibits commercial imports and exports of wild animals and plant species that are threatened or endangered by trade. This treaty assures that no endangered species will be permitted in international trade, but there are no provisions for the national laws of individual countries. Rather it provides a framework to be respected by each Party, which has to adopt its own domestic legislation to ensure that CITES is implemented at the national level. Different levels of trade regulations are provided, depending on the threatened status and the impact of trade on the status of the species.
Appendices I, II, and III to the Convention are lists of species afforded different levels or types of protection from over-exploitations. http://www.cites.org/
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
IUCN - The World Conservation Union, through its Species Survival Commission (SSC) has for more than four decades been assessing the conservation status of species, subspecies, varieties and even selected subpopulations on a global scale in order to highlight taxa threatened with extinction, and therefore promote their conservation. Although today we are operating in a very different political, economic, social and ecological world from that when the first IUCN Red Data Book was produced, the SSC remains firmly committed to providing the world with the most objective, scientifically-based information on the current status of globally threatened biodiversity. The taxa assessed for the IUCN Red List are the bearers of genetic diversity and the building blocks of ecosystems, and information on their conservation status and distribution provides the foundation for making informed decisions about conserving biodiversity from local to global levels.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species provides taxonomic, conservation status and distribution information on taxa that have been globally evaluated using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. This system is designed to determine the relative risk of extinction, and the main purpose of the IUCN Red List is to catalogue and highlight those taxa that are facing a higher risk of global extinction (i.e. those listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable). The IUCN Red List also includes information on taxa that are categorized as Extinct or Extinct in the Wild; on taxa that cannot be evaluated because of insufficient information (i.e. are Data Deficient); and on taxa that are either close to meeting the threatened thresholds or that would be threatened were it not for an ongoing taxon-specific conservation programme (i.e. are Near Threatened).
Taxa that have been evaluated to have a low risk of extinction are classified as Least Concern. The Least Concern assessments did not appear on IUCN Red Lists produced before 2003 (except for 225 cases in 1996) because the main focus has been on threatened species. However, for the sake of transparency and to place threatened assessments in context, all Least Concern assessments are now included. Unfortunately, there has not been a formal reporting process in place to capture all Least Concern assessments; hence the list provided is incomplete. A process to capture the Least Concern listings has begun (at the species level only), but this is likely to take several years to complete. http://www.iucnredlist.org/
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